Which harmful fetal effect can occur from the use of recreational drugs?

The use of recreational drugs during pregnancy is associated with several risks, one of which is low birth weight. Low birth weight refers to a baby born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces, and can arise due to various factors linked to drug use. These substances can interfere with fetal development, reduce nutrient transfer, and compromise the placenta's efficiency, all contributing to a lower weight at birth. The physiological impact of various drugs—including stimulants, depressants, and opioids—can restrict intrauterine growth, leading to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight. This condition is critical because it increases the likelihood of further complications, both immediate and longer-term, for the infant.

Macrosomia and high birth weight, on the other hand, are typically associated with conditions like maternal obesity or gestational diabetes rather than substance use. A faster growth rate isn't directly correlated with recreational drug use; rather, drugs tend to inhibit normal growth and developmental processes. Thus, identifying low birth weight as a significant risk reflects a broader understanding of the detrimental effects of recreational drug use on fetal health.