What maternal factor is most commonly associated with adverse health outcomes for infants?

Tobacco use during pregnancy is significantly linked to adverse health outcomes for infants. When a pregnant person uses tobacco, it exposes the fetus to harmful chemicals, which can lead to numerous complications. These include low birth weight, preterm birth, and an increased risk of infant mortality. The substances in tobacco, such as nicotine and carbon monoxide, affect fetal growth and development, reducing oxygen supply and nutrients, which are crucial for healthy gestation.

While high maternal age, poor prenatal care, and preeclampsia are indeed associated with various risks in pregnancy, tobacco use is particularly notorious for its direct negative impact on fetal health outcomes. For instance, although advanced maternal age can lead to increased risks of chromosomal abnormalities and certain pregnancy complications, and poor prenatal care can hinder monitoring and management of existing health conditions, tobacco use indiscriminately damages fetal development, making it one of the more pressing concerns during pregnancy.

Preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and potential organ dysfunction, also poses risks; however, the ramifications on fetal health tied directly to tobacco use are well-documented and particularly severe. Overall, tobacco use during pregnancy stands out as a maternal factor with clear, adverse health repercussions for the infant.