What is a consequence of blood volume expansion during pregnancy?

During pregnancy, blood volume expands significantly to meet the needs of the developing fetus. This expansion primarily consists of increased plasma volume, which leads to a dilutional effect on red blood cells, resulting in what is often referred to as physiological anemia of pregnancy. The increase in plasma volume is about 40-50%, while the increase in red blood cell mass does not match this volume increase. As a result, hemoglobin levels may appear lower than in non-pregnant women, even though the overall health and oxygen-carrying capacity are maintained.

This physiological adaptation is crucial as it helps in accommodating the increased metabolic demands of the mother and the growing fetus. The term "physiological anemia" reflects that this is a normal and expected change rather than a pathological condition. It allows for increased fluid volume, promoting enhanced uteroplacental circulation and preparing the body for the demands of labor and delivery.

The other options refer to specific conditions or consequences that are not directly linked to the general physiological changes occurring due to blood volume expansion during pregnancy. For example, while iron-deficiency anemia and maternal iron stores being insufficient for fetal development may occur in some cases, they are not direct consequences of blood volume expansion itself but rather potential issues arising from inadequate dietary